Hyponatreamia Re-visited

Is a very common electrolyte disturbance and is not well addressed. This arises from an inadequate understanding of the aetiologies and often patients are given saline infusion when they are already grossly overloaded just because they are hyponatreamic.

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Acute Kidney Injury

Acute kidney injury (formerly known as acute renal failure) is defined as a syndrome arising from a rapid fall in GFR over hours to days. The criteria used is either urine output or serum creatinine.AKI may be staged from stage 1 to stage 3.Such staging is more for epidemiology than of any clinical significance.

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Anaemia

Anaemia is referred to as a condition where the blood level is not enough. Generally, it means the red blood cell content is low.

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