你是不是经常在外用餐，都喜欢吃一些韩式烧烤、四川火锅之类的，各种鲜嫩肉片和海鲜只需要烤一下、涮一下就吃，殊不知这些未经严格处理的肉食很容易引起A型病毒性肝炎。那么，A型肝炎是一种什么疾病？该如何预防呢？
吃多了半生不熟海鲜，小心A肝找上你!
食物来源性病毒，是长期以来一直被认为是食品行业里主要受关注的问题，并有可能成为严重的公共卫生问题。皆因A型肝炎病毒在全球暴发的主要原因，就是食用受污染的水和食物而感染的。主要容易受A型肝炎病毒污染的高风险食物包括：贝类、牡蛎、生蚝，以及沙拉、蔬菜水果等新鲜农产品。
**健康小编提醒**
大家注意！特别是没有煮熟的海产，如贝类、生蚝等也会带有A型肝炎病毒，所以大家在吃火锅的时候如果没有把海鲜煮熟，只是将其涮一下就吃，是有可能患上A型肝炎的。
A肝通过粪口途径传播
A型病毒性肝炎又被称为A型肝炎、甲肝（Hepatitis A），是一种由A型肝炎病毒（英文简称为HAV）引起的，以肝脏炎症病变为主要表现的传染性疾病，严重时可发展为急性肝炎。
A型肝炎的主要传播方式为“粪—口传播”。而我们往往会在外的餐馆用餐时受到感染，餐馆的食品仍然是A型肝炎的常见来源，但这不是因为食物来自餐馆，而是因为餐馆员工或准备食物的人感染了A型肝炎病毒。这意味着病毒是通过被感染者污染的食物或水传播的，这些感染者可能在去洗手间后，未洗手就处理了食物或水。
令人不安的是，受感染的人可以在自己未出现任何症状前两个星期传播病毒，这意味着通常在他们意识到自己被感染之前，已把病毒传播！餐馆的大厨、二厨、厨房学徒和其他员工很容易通过处理的食材和饮料、使用的碗碟、杯子和器皿传播病毒给食客。
**医生小提醒**
Dr. Harpreet Kaur说，严格的手部卫生是防止这些病毒传播的关键，例如在上厕所后要彻底洗手，或者在处理食物时戴上手套等。对于餐厅的食客来说，保持良好的卫生习惯也很重要。为了保护自己免于感染，大家在餐馆用餐也要养成饭前和上厕所后洗手的良好卫生习惯。
常见的A型肝炎病症包括:
A型肝炎的一般病毒潜伏期为15至50天，平均为28天。
- 发烧
- 食欲不振
- 恶心
- 呕吐
- 腹泻
- 全身不适
- 黄疸（皮肤和眼白发黄)
- 深色尿液或浅色大便
- 腹痛和腰痛
不过，一旦感染过A型肝炎，患者即会终生免疫。
不药可愈但不可轻视
A型肝炎没有特定的治疗方法，一般采取支援性治疗，治疗措施有助于缓解症状、改善病情。A型肝炎是一种自限性疾病，因为其症状可持续长达数周或数月，感染后症状消失的过程可能很缓慢，但之后患者便能完全康复。
在餐馆、杂货店和超市工作的人被诊断患有A型肝炎，在出现症状后，应禁止工作至少两星期。如果有黄疸的症状表现，则在黄疸发作后至少一星期禁止重返工作岗位。一旦感染過A型肝炎后康复，就不会再感染，即会终生免疫，並且不再为病毒带原者。
那么，如何预防A型肝炎呢？
A型肝炎疫苗是预防的首选。A型肝炎疫苗可作为灭活单抗原疫苗，或与B型肝炎疫苗联合使用。这类疫苗不会引起任何严重不良反应，所以为自己和家人接种疫苗的好处绝对大于任何坏处。最好的方法，就是咨询医生关于注射疫苗的资讯和选项。
根据世界卫生组织（WHO）的说法，预防A型肝炎感染的最有效方法是改善卫生条件、练习正确的洗手习惯。
确保以清洁卫生的方式处理食物，同时避免与他人分享食物、共用同一餐具或共饮饮料、避免吃生的或未煮熟的海鲜贝类。旅行时，尤其是在卫生条件差的地方，建议喝瓶装水，避免食用可能用受污染的水制成食物。
注射一种含有抗A型肝炎病毒抗体的药物。该类药物可以在接触病毒后的两个星期内服用，有效性约为85%，但其效果是暂时的，可持续维持3个月。
这篇文章首次刊登在《健康时尚杂志/GoodHealth Magazine》
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