正确急救方法不可少 不同年龄有别
窒息是一种无声但致命的隐患，对年幼儿童而言尤为危险。近期槟城发生的一起悲剧性事件再次敲响警钟：一名10岁男童因噎住眼球造型的软糖而不幸丧命。事件震惊全国，促使马来西亚当局迅速下令禁止该产品，并全面下架相关电商广告。针对这点，哥伦比亚亚洲医院（芙蓉分院）（Columbia Asia Seremban）的耳鼻喉、头颈外科顾问刘有为医生（Dr. Lau Yu Wei）深入剖析儿童常见的窒息风险来源，并分享紧急应对策略与家长应具备的急救知识，帮助社会大众提高警觉，共同守护孩子的生命安全。
异物最常卡在哪里？大小会影响位置
“异物可能卡在喉咙、食道或气道。”刘有为医生表示，较大的异物如整颗葡萄或玩具零件，多半卡在喉咙或食道，造成吞咽困难；较小但危险的物品如硬币、弹珠则可能直接进入气道，导致呼吸困难或窒息。
气道异物如何处理？一定得手术吗？
气道异物的处理方式取决于其所在位置与严重程度。刘有为医生说：“气道异物通常需在全身麻醉下使用支气管镜取出，喉咙异物则可使用内视镜或异物钳。”若异物已造成呼吸困难，紧急手术可能是必要手段。
孩子窒息后可能有哪些后遗症？
即使成功抢救，窒息幸存者仍可能面临脑缺氧造成的神经损伤、声带与气道的永久性损害、反复呼吸道感染与吞咽困难等风险。
儿童为何容易噎住？高风险行为要避免
许多家长没有意识到日常生活中潜藏的危机。“边吃边玩、说话、躺著吃饭或咀嚼不充分都是危险行为，应严格避免。”刘有为医生指出，食物如葡萄、花生、爆米花与硬糖，以及小型玩具如积木、弹珠与硬币都是高风险物品。
正确急救方法不可少 不同年龄有别
当孩子出现窒息现象，应依年龄采取正确急救措施。1岁以下婴儿应使用背部拍打结合胸部按压；1岁以上儿童则可采用“海姆立克急救法（Heimlich Maneuver）”。刘有为医生提醒：“动作必须准确，过大力道可能造成骨折，特别是婴幼儿。”
这些急救误区千万别犯
在慌乱之中，有些家长可能试图用手指掏出异物，或尝试用尖锐物品戳喉咙“造口呼吸”，这些做法反而可能使异物更深入气道，造成更大伤害。“最好的方式是立即施救并拨打急救电话。”
到医院后的处置与后续治疗
儿童被送医后，急诊医生会立刻评估呼吸与心跳，必要时进行气管插管或心肺复苏术（CPR），接著视情况取出异物并给予氧气、抗生素或手术治疗。
家长应如何预防？专家建议
刘有为医生呼吁家长：“用心观察孩子，别让他们边吃边玩，也不要随意将小物品放在儿童可及之处。”并建议禁止销售含小零件的玩具与硬糖等高风险食品，从源头降低风险。
本文发表于 東方日報，2025年5月8日
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