每一次做身体检查，最重要的就是“抽血”环节，有时候还要验尿……逐一数出10种常见的血液与尿液检查项目有哪些？通过血液检查和尿检，又能够查出多少毛病？
全血细胞计数(Full blood count)
顾名思义，就是统计单位体积血液中各种血细胞的数量，又被称为血常规检查。全血细胞计数是检查血液中组成血细胞的各种成分，包括：血红蛋白(Hemoglobin)、红细胞(Red blood cells)、白细胞(White blood cell)和血小板(Platelets)。医生可以通过血常规检查，了解您的血液细胞的信息，一看这个检查结果可能会观察到身体出现异常症状，如有无贫血、有无感染、有无骨髓或是癌症等等。
血脂检查(Lipid profile)
主要是看你的血液中所含的脂肪量，包括测量血清中的总胆固醇、甘油三酯、高密度脂蛋白(HDL)和低密度脂蛋白(LDL)的各项指数。然后通过获得的结果，医生才可以知晓你是否患有心脏疾病的高危族群。
*为了确保数据的准确性，通常要求要最少8小时的禁食(包括任何食物，以及除了水以外的任何液体)。
肝功能检查(Liver Function tests)
顾名思义，这项检查是通过验血测量血液中的酶和蛋白质指数，医生可以根据结果来诊断肝脏是否正常运作。目前肝功能常规检查项目包括：如白蛋白、球蛋白、总蛋白、门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)、丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、γ-谷氨酰转移酶(GGT)等等。通过各项指标，医生可以监测是否有肝脏疾病或肝损伤，包括：有无营养不良、可能毒素引起的肝损伤、有无感染、心脏病、胆道阻塞、骨骼疾病或饮酒引起的酒精性肝病等等。
肾功能检查(Renal Profile)
肾功能检查的指标是血肌酐、尿素氮、钠和钾。重要的是要让医生诊断是否存在肾脏疾病，确保肾脏是否正常运作来过滤体内的代谢废物。举例：当人体出现脱水、感染，患有心脏病、糖尿病，或者服用药物、毒素都会对肾脏造成损害，均可影响肾功能，主要表现为肾功能检查指标的异常。
空腹血糖(Fasting Blood Sugar)/HbA1c
这个检查能够检测血糖的早期异常(前期糖尿病征兆)，或作为糖尿病治疗期间的诊断和监测。为了确保数据的准确性，通常要求要最少8小时的禁食(包括任何食物，以及除了水以外的任何液体)。
心肌酶(Cardiac Enzymes)
如果医生怀疑你患有心脏病，那么这个检测非常重要。医生会根据病人的临床症状而选择进行哪一类型的心肌酶检查。根据有关检测结果，医生可以诊断出你是否出现心肌损伤，如严重的“心脏病发作”引起的损伤。
甲状腺功能测试(Thyroid Function Test)
不管是甲状腺功能亢进还是低下，统统都可从血液检验中测检出来，这是医生诊断甲状腺疾病很重要的指标，例如格雷夫氏病(甲状腺功能亢进的常见因素)、桥本氏病(甲状腺功能衰退的主要原因)。其他情况有可能是甲状腺发炎或受到感染。
红细胞沉降率(ESR)
红细胞沉降率(Erythrocyte sedimentation rate, ESR)简称血沉，是一个很常见的血液测试，估计身体炎症的水平。如果身体有炎症，ESR数据会增加或提高。虽然它不能说明身体的哪个部位有炎症过程。但是一旦出现非常高的ESR指数(>100毫米/小时)，通常代表着严重疾病或癌症。
病毒检测
每一年体检最不能缺少的几项至关重要的病毒检测，如：B型肝炎病毒、C型肝炎和HIV艾滋病毒。
– B型病毒性肝炎：因为它会导致肝脏受到急性/慢性感染，从而导致肝损伤和诱发肝癌。及早接种疫苗，才能安全有效地预防B肝的感染。如果发现是携带者，及早进行治疗，这样才能有效控制病情的发展。
– C型肝炎：可能导致长期性的肝脏感染，现在有很好的抗病毒药物可以治愈这种疾病。
– HIV艾滋病：如果及早发现患有HIV疾病，可以更好地控制和治疗。
尿液检查和显微镜检查(UFEME)
这是一项非常重要的尿检，医生可以根据检测数据来诊断你是否有任何的早期肾病、尿道感染、尿道结石或癌症等等征兆。
这篇文章首次刊登在《健康时尚杂志/GoodHealth Magazine》
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